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<title>Mercury (element)</title>

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Mercury (element)

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mercury, 80Hg</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Mercury</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">shiny, silvery liquid</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style>Ar°(Hg)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>200.592±0.003<a href="#cite_note-CIAAWmercury-1">[1]</a></li><li>200.59±0.01 (<a href="Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Mercury in the <a href="Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">

<td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a>

</td></tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> ← mercury → <a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">80</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d10 6s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> at <a href="Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">234.3210 <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−38.8290 °C, −37.8922 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">629.88 K (356.73 °C, 674.11 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">13.546 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">234.3156 K, 1.65 × 10−7 kPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1750 K, 172.00 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.29 <a href="Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">59.11 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.983 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content; width:fit-content;">

<th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa)

</th>

<th>1

</th>

<th>10

</th>

<th>100

</th>

<th>1 k

</th>

<th>10 k

</th>

<th>100 k

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K)

</th>

<td>315

</td>

<td>350

</td>

<td>393

</td>

<td>449

</td>

<td>523

</td>

<td>629

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +1, +2

−2<a href="#cite_note-Brauer-1936-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.00 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1007.1 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1810 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3300 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 151 <a href="Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">132±5 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">155 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of mercury</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral</a> (<a href="Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hR1</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"></div>ar = 301.06 pm α = 70.529° ah = 347.64 pm ch = 673.20 pm (at triple point)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.30 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">961 nΩ⋅m (at 25 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diamagnetic<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−33.44×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">liquid: 1451.4 <a href="Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">m/s</a> (at 20 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7439-97-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">from the planet Mercury, with which it was associated in medieval alchemy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient Egyptians (before 1500 BCE)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Hg": from its Latin name <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrargyrum#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wikt:hydrargyrum">hydrargyrum</a>, itself from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ὑδράργυρος">hydrárgyros</a>, 'water-silver'</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="Isotopes_of_mercury" title="Isotopes of mercury">Isotopes of mercury</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">

<th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a>

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>

</th>

<th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a>

</th>

<th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> (t1/2)

</th>

</th>

<th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">194Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">447 y

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">195Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">10.7 h

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">196Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.15%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">197Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">64.14 h

</td>

<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">198Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">10.0%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">199Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16.9%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">200Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">23.1%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">201Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">13.2%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">202Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">29.7%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">203Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">46.61 d

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">204Hg

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6.82%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>

Mercury is a <a href="Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Hg and <a href="Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver. A <a href="Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">heavy</a>, silvery <a href="D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> element, mercury is the only metallic element that is known to be liquid at <a href="Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is the <a href="Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> <a href="Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>, though metals such as <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, <a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, and <a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> melt just above <a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a>

Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (<a href="Mercuric_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric sulfide">mercuric sulfide</a>). The red pigment <a href="Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> is obtained by <a href="Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">grinding</a> natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric sulfide. Exposure to mercury and mercury-containing organic compounds is toxic to the <a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, <a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and <a href="Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> of humans and other animals; <a href="Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a> can result from exposure to water-soluble forms of mercury (such as <a href="Mercuric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric chloride">mercuric chloride</a> or <a href="Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>) either directly or through mechanisms of <a href="Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>.

Mercury is used in <a href="Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometers</a>, <a href="Barometer" title="Barometer">barometers</a>, <a href="Manometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manometer">manometers</a>, <a href="Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">sphygmomanometers</a>, <a href="Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">float valves</a>, <a href="Mercury_switch" title="Mercury switch">mercury switches</a>, <a href="Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relays</a>, <a href="Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a> and other devices, although concerns about the element's toxicity have led to the phasing out of such mercury-containing instruments.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> It remains in use in scientific research applications and in <a href="Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">amalgam</a> for <a href="Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">dental restoration</a> in some locales. It is also used in <a href="Fluorescent_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lighting">fluorescent lighting</a>. Electricity passed through mercury vapor in a fluorescent lamp produces short-wave <a href="Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, which then causes the <a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> in the tube to <a href="Fluoresce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoresce">fluoresce</a>, making visible light.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div>

Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white metal that is liquid at room temperature. Compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[13]</a>

It has a <a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of −38.83 °C<a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a> and a <a href="Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of 356.73 °C,<a href="#cite_note-17">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norrby-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> both the lowest of any stable metal, although preliminary experiments on <a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> and <a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> have indicated that they have even lower boiling points.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> This effect is due to <a href="Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contraction</a> and <a href="Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic contraction</a> reducing the orbit radius of the outermost electrons, and thus weakening the metallic bonding in mercury.<a href="#cite_note-Norrby-18">[14]</a> Upon freezing, the volume of mercury decreases by 3.59% and its density changes from 13.69 g/cm3 when liquid to 14.184 g/cm3 when solid. The coefficient of volume expansion is 181.59 × 10−6 at 0 °C, 181.71 × 10−6 at 20 °C and 182.50 × 10−6 at 100 °C (per °C). Solid mercury is malleable and ductile, and can be cut with a knife.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a>

Table of thermal and physical properties of liquid mercury:<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a>

<td>Temperature (°C)

</td>

<td><a href="Density" title="Density">Density</a> (kg/m3)

</td>

<td><a href="Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">Specific heat</a> (kJ/(kg·K))

</td>

<td><a href="Viscosity#Kinematic_viscosity" title="Viscosity">Kinematic viscosity</a> (m2/s)

</td>

<td><a href="Thermal_conductivity_and_resistivity" title="Thermal conductivity and resistivity">Conductivity</a> (W/(m·K))

</td>

<td><a href="Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a> (m2/s)

</td>

<td><a href="Prandtl_number" title="Prandtl number">Prandtl Number</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a> (K−1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>13628.22

</td>

<td>0.1403

</td>

<td>1.24 × 10−7

</td>

<td>8.2

</td>

<td>4.30 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0288

</td>

<td>0.000181

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>20

</td>

<td>13579.04

</td>

<td>0.1394

</td>

<td>1.14 × 10−7

</td>

<td>8.69

</td>

<td>4.61 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0249

</td>

<td>0.000181

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>50

</td>

<td>13505.84

</td>

<td>0.1386

</td>

<td>1.04 × 10−7

</td>

<td>9.4

</td>

<td>5.02 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0207

</td>

<td>0.000181

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>100

</td>

<td>13384.58

</td>

<td>0.1373

</td>

<td>9.28 × 10−8

</td>

<td>10.51

</td>

<td>5.72 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0162

</td>

<td>0.000181

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>150

</td>

<td>13264.28

</td>

<td>0.1365

</td>

<td>8.53 × 10−8

</td>

<td>11.49

</td>

<td>6.35 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0134

</td>

<td>0.000181

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>200

</td>

<td>13144.94

</td>

<td>0.157

</td>

<td>8.02 × 10−8

</td>

<td>12.34

</td>

<td>6.91 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0116

</td>

<td>0.000181

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>250

</td>

<td>13025.6

</td>

<td>0.1357

</td>

<td>7.65 × 10−8

</td>

<td>13.07

</td>

<td>7.41 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0103

</td>

<td>0.000183

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>315.5

</td>

<td>12847

</td>

<td>0.134

</td>

<td>6.73 × 10−8

</td>

<td>14.02

</td>

<td>8.15 × 10−6

</td>

<td>0.0083

</td>

<td>0.000186

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3></div>

Mercury does not react with most acids, such as dilute <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, although <a href="Oxidizing_acid" title="Oxidizing acid">oxidizing acids</a> such as concentrated sulfuric acid and <a href="Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> or <a href="Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> dissolve it to give <a href="Mercuric_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric sulfate">sulfate</a>, <a href="Mercury(II)_nitrate" title="Mercury(II) nitrate">nitrate</a>, and <a href="Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">chloride</a>. Like silver, mercury reacts with atmospheric <a href="Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. Mercury reacts with solid sulfur flakes, which are used in mercury <a href="Spill_kit" title="Spill kit">spill kits</a> to absorb mercury (spill kits also use <a href="Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> and powdered zinc).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-25">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amalgams">Amalgams</h4></div>

Mercury dissolves many metals such as <a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> to form <a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgams</a>. <a href="Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> is an exception, and iron flasks have traditionally been used to transport the material.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Several other first row transition metals with the exception of <a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> are also resistant in forming amalgams. Other elements that do not readily form amalgams with mercury include <a href="Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> <a href="Sodium_amalgam" title="Sodium amalgam">Sodium amalgam</a> is a common reducing agent in <a href="Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, and is also used in <a href="High-pressure_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure sodium">high-pressure sodium</a> lamps.

Mercury readily combines with <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> to form a <a href="Aluminium_amalgam" title="Aluminium amalgam">mercury-aluminium amalgam</a> when the two pure metals come into contact. Since the amalgam destroys the <a href="Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> layer which protects metallic aluminium from oxidizing in-depth (as in iron <a href="Rust" title="Rust">rusting</a>), even small amounts of mercury can seriously corrode aluminium. For this reason, mercury is not allowed aboard an aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming an amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-CorrAl-29">[25]</a>

<a href="Liquid_metal_embrittlement#Mercury_embrittlement" title="Liquid metal embrittlement">Mercury embrittlement</a> is the most common type of liquid metal embrittlement, as mercury is a natural component of some <a href="Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">hydrocarbon reservoirs</a> and will come into contact with petroleum processing equipment under normal conditions.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Isotopes_of_mercury" title="Isotopes of mercury">Isotopes of mercury</a></div>

There are seven stable <a href="Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of mercury, with 202 Hg being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived <a href="Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> are 194 Hg with a <a href="Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 444 years, and 203 Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. 206 Hg occurs naturally in tiny traces as an intermediate decay product of 238 U. 199 Hg and 201 Hg are the most often studied <a href="Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR</a>-active nuclei, having spins of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style>1⁄2 and 3⁄2 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

Hg is the modern <a href="Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> for mercury.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> It is an abbreviation of hydrargyrum, a <a href="Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a> form of the <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> name for mercury, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ὑδράργυρος">ὑδράργυρος</a> (hydrargyros). Hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/ hy-DRAR-jər-əm)<a href="#cite_note-etym-32">[28]</a> has also been used in English, though the term is now dated. Hydrargyros is a Greek compound word meaning 'water-silver', from ὑδρ- (hydr-), the root of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%95%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ὕδωρ">ὕδωρ</a> (hydor) 'water', and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ἄργυρος">ἄργυρος</a> (argyros) 'silver'.<a href="#cite_note-etym-32">[28]</a> Like the English name <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quicksilver" class="extiw external" title="wikt:quicksilver">quicksilver</a> ('living-silver'), this name was due to mercury's liquid and shiny properties.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a>

The modern English name mercury comes from the planet <a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>. In medieval <a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, the seven known metals—quicksilver, <a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>—were associated with the seven planets. Quicksilver was associated with the fastest planet, which had been named after the Roman god <a href="Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, who was associated with speed and mobility. The astrological symbol for the planet became one of the <a href="Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbols</a> for the metal, and Mercury became an alternative name for the metal. Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name survives, as it was decided it was preferable to quicksilver as a chemical name.<a href="#cite_note-Stillman-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Mercury was found in <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> tombs that date from 1500 BC;<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, the most common natural source of mercury, has been in use since the <a href="Neolithic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic age">Neolithic Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a>

In <a href="China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health, although it is now known that exposure to mercury vapor leads to serious adverse health effects.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> The first emperor of a unified China, <a href="Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qín Shǐ Huáng Dì</a>—allegedly buried in a <a href="Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">tomb</a> that contained rivers of flowing mercury on a model of the land he ruled, representative of the rivers of China—was reportedly killed by drinking a mercury and powdered <a href="Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> mixture formulated by <a href="Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> alchemists intended as an elixir of immortality.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-wright-40">[36]</a> <a href="Khumarawayh_ibn_Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun">Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun</a>, the second <a href="Tulunid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid">Tulunid</a> ruler of Egypt (r. 884–896), known for his extravagance and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/profligacy" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:profligacy">profligacy</a>, reportedly built a basin filled with mercury, on which he would lie on top of air-filled cushions and be rocked to sleep.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a>

In November 2014 "large quantities" of mercury were discovered in a chamber 60 feet below the 1800-year-old pyramid known as the <a href="Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of the Feathered Serpent">Temple of the Feathered Serpent</a>, the third-largest pyramid of <a href="Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, Mexico, along with "jade statues, jaguar remains, a box filled with carved shells and rubber balls".<a href="#cite_note-Yuhas-42">[38]</a> In <a href="Lamanai" title="Lamanai">Lamanai</a>, once a major city of the <a href="Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>, a pool of mercury was found under a marker in a <a href="Mesoamerican_ballcourt" title="Mesoamerican ballcourt">Mesoamerican ballcourt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a>

<a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> recounts that <a href="Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> made a wooden statue of <a href="Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> move by pouring quicksilver in its interior.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> In <a href="Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> Daedalus gave the appearance of voice in his statues using quicksilver. The <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> used <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (mercury sulfide) in ointments; the <a href="Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a> and the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> used it in <a href="Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>. By 500 BC mercury was used to make <a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgams</a> (Medieval Latin amalgama, "alloy of mercury") with other metals.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a>

<a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemists</a> thought of mercury as the <a href="Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">First Matter</a> from which all metals were formed. They believed that different <a href="Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of <a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> contained within the mercury. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was called for in attempts at the <a href="Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">transmutation</a> of base (or impure) metals into gold, which was the goal of many alchemists.<a href="#cite_note-Stillman-34">[30]</a>

The mines in <a href="Almad%C3%A9n" title="Almadén">Almadén</a> (Spain), <a href="Monte_Amiata" title="Monte Amiata">Monte Amiata</a> (Italy), and <a href="Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a> (now Slovenia) dominated mercury production from the opening of the mine in Almadén 2500 years ago, until new deposits were found at the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-MercHz-47">[43]</a>

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</style><div class="locmap noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.743%;left:90.249%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.707%;left:92.794%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="Almad%C3%A9n" title="Almadén">Almadén</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.236%;left:62.188%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.767%;left:40.587%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.715%;left:41.939%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.951%;left:42.754%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.166%;left:43.136%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Cerro_de_San_Pedro" title="Cerro de San Pedro">S.L. Potosí</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.438%;left:59.454%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Hualgayoc_District" title="Hualgayoc District">Hualgayoc</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.918%;left:61.233%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">C. de Pasco</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.257%;left:67.961%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="Oruro" title="Oruro">Oruro</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.261%;left:68.892%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="Cerro_Rico" title="Cerro Rico">Potosí</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The location of major 18th century Spanish silver mine districs (crossed <a href="Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">pickaxes</a>) and the mines involved in mercury supply needed for silver mining (purple dots).</div></div></div>

Beginning in 1558, with the invention of the <a href="Patio_process" title="Patio process">patio process</a> to extract <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> from <a href="Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> using mercury, mercury became an essential resource in the economy of Spain and its American colonies. Mercury was used to extract silver from the lucrative mines in <a href="New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and <a href="Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a>. Initially, the Spanish Crown's mines in Almadén in Southern Spain supplied all the mercury for the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> Mercury deposits were discovered in the New World, and more than 100,000 tons of mercury were mined from the region of <a href="Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a>, Peru, over the course of three centuries following the discovery of deposits there in 1563.<a href="#cite_note-Jamieson-49">[45]</a> In 1786 the main mine at Huancavelica suffered a sudden collapse that killed over 100 persons and greatly reduced the mine's output.<a href="#cite_note-historica-50">[46]</a> Through the legalization of scavenging known as <a href="Pallaqueo" title="Pallaqueo">pallaqueo</a> mercury production rose again peaking in 1794–1796.<a href="#cite_note-isabelm-51">[47]</a> The <a href="French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> disrupted European mercury supply to <a href="Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> leading to an increasing reliance for the mines in present-day Peru and Bolivia on mercury from Huancavelica but this mines production was clearly by 1799 not enough to supply the demand in the Andean mines.<a href="#cite_note-isabelm-51">[47]</a> Spain abolished the royal mercury monopoly in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-isabelm-51">[47]</a>

<a href="Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a> in the mines left many people disabled through the <a href="Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> but mercury itself was not the chief cause of deaths in the mines.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a>

The patio process and later <a href="Pan_amalgamation" title="Pan amalgamation">pan amalgamation</a> process continued to create great demand for mercury to treat silver ores until the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Jamieson-49">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div>

Mercury is an extremely rare element in Earth's <a href="Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>; it has an average crustal abundance by mass of only 0.08 parts per million (ppm)<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> and is the 66th most abundant element in the Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Because it does not blend <a href="Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemically</a> with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury ores can be extraordinarily concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1% mercury (12,000 times average crustal abundance). It is found either as a <a href="Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a> (rare) or in <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, <a href="Metacinnabar" title="Metacinnabar">metacinnabar</a>, <a href="Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a>, <a href="Corderoite" title="Corderoite">corderoite</a>, <a href="Livingstonite" title="Livingstonite">livingstonite</a> and other <a href="Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, with cinnabar (HgS) being the most common ore.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-metacinnabar-56">[52]</a> Mercury ores often occur in <a href="Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> or other <a href="Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a>

Former mines in Italy, the United States and Mexico, which once produced a large proportion of the world supply, have now been completely mined out or, in the case of Slovenia (<a href="Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a>) and Spain (<a href="Almad%C3%A9n" title="Almadén">Almadén</a>), shut down due to the fall of the price of mercury. <a href="Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>'s <a href="McDermitt%2C_Nevada-Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="McDermitt, Nevada-Oregon">McDermitt</a> Mine, the last mercury mine in the United States, closed in 1992. The price of mercury has been highly volatile over the years and in 2006 was $650 per 76-pound (34.46 kg) <a href="Flask_(unit)" title="Flask (unit)">flask</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brooks_usgs-58">[54]</a>

Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor. The equation for this extraction is:

In 2020, China was the top producer of mercury, providing 88% of the world output (2200 out of 2500 tonnes), followed by <a href="Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (178 t), Russia (50 t) and Mexico (32 t).<a href="#cite_note-Anon._t636-59">[55]</a>

Because of the high toxicity of mercury, both the mining of cinnabar and refining for mercury are hazardous and historic causes of mercury poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> In China, prison labor was used by a private mining company as recently as the 1950s to develop new cinnabar mines. Thousands of prisoners were used by the Luo Xi mining company to establish new tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-GREEN-61">[57]</a> Worker health in functioning mines is at high risk.

A newspaper claimed that an unidentified <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> directive calling for energy-efficient lightbulbs to be made mandatory by 2012 encouraged China to re-open cinnabar mines to obtain the mercury required for <a href="Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">CFL bulb</a> manufacture. Environmental dangers have been a concern, particularly in the southern cities of <a href="Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a> and <a href="Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, and in <a href="Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> province in the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-GREEN-61">[57]</a>

Abandoned mercury mine processing sites often contain very hazardous waste piles of roasted cinnabar <a href="Calcine" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcine">calcines</a>. Water run-off from such sites is a recognized source of ecological damage. Former mercury mines may be suited for constructive re-use; for example, in 1976 <a href="Santa_Clara_County%2C_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County, California</a> purchased the historic <a href="Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park" title="Almaden Quicksilver County Park">Almaden Quicksilver Mine</a> and created a county park on the site, after conducting extensive safety and environmental analysis of the property.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div>

All known mercury compounds exhibit one of two positive oxidation states: I and II. Experiments have failed to unequivocally demonstrate any higher oxidation states: both the claimed 1976 electrosynthesis of an unstable Hg(III) species and 2007 cryogenic isolation of <a href="Mercury_tetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury tetrafluoride">HgF4</a> have disputed interpretations and remain difficult (if not impossible) to reproduce.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds_of_mercury(I)">Compounds of mercury(I)</h3></div>

Unlike its lighter neighbors, cadmium and zinc, mercury usually forms simple stable compounds with metal-metal bonds. Most mercury(I) compounds are <a href="Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> and feature the dimeric cation, Hg2+ 2. Stable derivatives include the chloride and <a href="Mercury(I)_nitrate" title="Mercury(I) nitrate">nitrate</a>. In aqueous solution of a mercury(I) salt, slight disproportion of Hg2+ 2 into Hg and Hg2+ results in >0.5% of dissolved mercury existing as Hg2+ . In these solutions, complexation of the Hg2+ with addition of ligands such as <a href="Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> causes disproportionation to go to completion, with all Hg2+ 2 precipitating as elemental mercury and insoluble mercury(II) compounds (e.g. <a href="Mercury(II)_cyanide" title="Mercury(II) cyanide">mercury(II) cyanide</a> if cyanide is used as the ligand).<a href="#cite_note-henderson-65">[61]</a> <a href="Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">Mercury(I) chloride</a>, a colorless solid also known as <a href="Calomel" title="Calomel">calomel</a>, is really the compound with the formula Hg2Cl2, with the connectivity Cl-Hg-Hg-Cl. It reacts with chlorine to give <a href="Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">mercury(II) chloride</a>, which resists further oxidation. <a href="Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">Mercury(I) hydride</a>, a colorless gas, has the formula HgH, containing no Hg-Hg bond; however, the gas has only ever been observed as isolated molecules.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a>

Indicative of its tendency to bond to itself, mercury forms <a href="Mercury_polycations" title="Mercury polycations">mercury polycations</a>, which consist of linear chains of mercury centers, capped with a positive charge. One example is Hg 3(AsF 6) 2 containing the Hg2+ 3 cation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds_of_mercury(II)">Compounds of mercury(II)</h3></div>

Mercury(II) is the most common oxidation state and is the main one in nature as well. All four mercuric halides are known and have been demonstrated to form linear <a href="Coordination_geometry" title="Coordination geometry">coordination geometry</a>, despite mercury's tendency to form <a href="Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral molecular geometry</a> with other ligands. This behavior is similar to the <a href="Silver" title="Silver">Ag+</a> ion. The best known mercury halide is <a href="Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">mercury(II) chloride</a>, an easily <a href="Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimating</a> white solid.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-68">[64]</a>

<a href="Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</a>, the main <a href="Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> of mercury, arises when the metal is exposed to air for long periods at elevated temperatures. It reverts to the elements upon heating near 400 °C, as was demonstrated by <a href="Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> in an early synthesis of pure <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-25">[21]</a> Hydroxides of mercury are poorly characterized, as attempted isolation studies of <a href="Mercury(II)_hydroxide" title="Mercury(II) hydroxide">mercury(II) hydroxide</a> have yielded mercury oxide instead.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a>

Being a <a href="HSAB" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAB">soft metal</a>, mercury forms very stable derivatives with the heavier <a href="Chalcogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogens">chalcogens</a>. Preeminent is <a href="Mercury(II)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury(II) sulfide">mercury(II) sulfide</a>, HgS, which occurs in nature as the ore <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> and is the brilliant pigment <a href="Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>. Like <a href="Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">ZnS</a>, HgS crystallizes in two <a href="Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">forms</a>, the reddish cubic form and the black <a href="Zinc_blende" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc blende">zinc blende</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[13]</a> The latter sometimes occurs naturally as <a href="Metacinnabar" title="Metacinnabar">metacinnabar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-metacinnabar-56">[52]</a> <a href="Mercury(II)_selenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury(II) selenide">Mercury(II) selenide</a> (HgSe) and <a href="Mercury(II)_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury(II) telluride">mercury(II) telluride</a> (HgTe) are known, these as well as various derivatives, e.g. <a href="Mercury_cadmium_telluride" title="Mercury cadmium telluride">mercury cadmium telluride</a> and <a href="Mercury_zinc_telluride" title="Mercury zinc telluride">mercury zinc telluride</a> being <a href="Semiconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductors">semiconductors</a> useful as <a href="Infrared_detector" title="Infrared detector">infrared detector</a> materials.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a>

Mercury(II) salts form a variety of complex derivatives with <a href="Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. These include <a href="Millon's_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Millon's base">Millon's base</a> (Hg2N+), the one-dimensional polymer (salts of HgNH+ 2) n), and "fusible white precipitate" or [Hg(NH3)2]Cl2. Known as <a href="Nessler's_reagent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nessler's reagent">Nessler's reagent</a>, <a href="Potassium_tetraiodomercurate(II)" title="Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II)">potassium tetraiodomercurate(II)</a> (K 2HgI 4) is still occasionally used to test for ammonia owing to its tendency to form the deeply colored iodide salt of Millon's base.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a>

<a href="Mercury(II)_fulminate" title="Mercury(II) fulminate">Mercury fulminate</a> is a <a href="Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a> widely used in <a href="Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organomercury_compounds">Organomercury compounds</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Organomercury_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomercury compound">Organomercury compound</a></div>

Organic mercury <a href="Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> are historically important but are of little industrial value in the western world. Mercury(II) salts are a rare example of simple metal complexes that react directly with aromatic rings. Organomercury compounds are always divalent and usually two-coordinate and linear geometry. Unlike <a href="Organocadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organocadmium">organocadmium</a> and <a href="Organozinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozinc">organozinc</a> compounds, organomercury compounds do not react with water. They usually have the formula HgR2, which are often volatile, or HgRX, which are often solids, where R is <a href="Aryl" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryl">aryl</a> or <a href="Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> and X is usually halide or acetate. <a href="Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">Methylmercury</a>, a generic term for compounds with the formula CH3HgX, is a dangerous family of compounds that are often found in <a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">polluted</a> water.<a href="#cite_note-methylHg-72">[68]</a> They arise by a process known as <a href="Biomethylation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomethylation">biomethylation</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It is used in some <a href="Liquid-in-glass_thermometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-in-glass thermometer">liquid-in-glass thermometers</a>, especially those used to measure high temperatures. A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in <a href="Fluorescent_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lamps">fluorescent lamps</a>, while most of the other applications are slowly being phased out due to health and safety regulations. In some applications, mercury is replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive <a href="Galinstan" title="Galinstan">Galinstan</a> <a href="Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">Amalgam (dentistry)</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_and_folk">Historical and folk</h4></div>

Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine, although they are much less common today than they once were, now that the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood. An example of the early therapeutic application of mercury was published in 1787 by <a href="James_Lind_(naturalist)" title="James Lind (naturalist)">James Lind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a>

The first edition of <a href="The_Merck_Manuals" title="The Merck Manuals">The Merck Manuals</a> (1899) featured many then-medically relevant mercuric compounds, such as <a href="Mercuric_amidochloride" title="Mercuric amidochloride">mercury-ammonium chloride</a>, <a href="Mercury(I)_iodide" title="Mercury(I) iodide">yellow mercury proto-iodide</a>, <a href="Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">calomel</a>, and <a href="Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">mercuric chloride</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a>

Mercury in the form of one of its common ores, cinnabar, is used in various traditional medicines, especially in <a href="Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>. Review of its safety has found that cinnabar can lead to significant mercury intoxication when heated, consumed in <a href="Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>, or taken long term, and can have adverse effects at therapeutic doses, though effects from therapeutic doses are typically reversible. Although this form of mercury appears to be less toxic than other forms, its use in traditional Chinese medicine has not yet been justified, as the therapeutic basis for the use of cinnabar is not clear.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a>

<a href="Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">Mercury(I) chloride</a> (also known as calomel or mercurous chloride) has been used in <a href="Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> as a <a href="Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a>, topical <a href="Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectant</a>, and <a href="Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a>. <a href="Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercury(II) chloride</a> (also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was once used to treat <a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> (along with other mercury compounds), although it is so toxic that sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> It is also used as a disinfectant. <a href="Blue_mass" title="Blue mass">Blue mass</a>, a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches.<a href="#cite_note-lincoln-78">[74]</a> In the early 20th century, mercury was administered to children yearly as a laxative and dewormer, and it was used in teething powders for infants. The mercury-containing organohalide <a href="Merbromin" title="Merbromin">merbromin</a> (sometimes sold as Mercurochrome) is still widely used but has been banned in some countries, such as the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4></div>

Mercury is an ingredient in <a href="Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">dental amalgams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a>

<a href="Thiomersal" title="Thiomersal">Thiomersal</a> (called Thimerosal in the United States) is an <a href="Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> used as a <a href="Preservative" title="Preservative">preservative</a> in <a href="Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, although this use is in decline.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_thimerosal-81">[77]</a> Although it was <a href="Thiomersal_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiomersal controversy">widely speculated</a> that this mercury-based preservative could cause or trigger <a href="Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> in children, no evidence supports any such link.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Nevertheless, thiomersal has been removed from, or reduced to trace amounts in, all U.S. vaccines recommended for children 6 years of age and under, with the exception of the inactivated influenza vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_thimerosal-81">[77]</a> <a href="Merbromin" title="Merbromin">Merbromin</a> (Mercurochrome), another mercury compound, is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes in some countries. Today, the use of mercury in medicine has greatly declined in all respects, especially in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a>

Mercury is still used in some <a href="Mercurial_diuretic" title="Mercurial diuretic">diuretics</a>, although substitutes such as <a href="Thiazide" title="Thiazide">thiazides</a> now exist for most therapeutic uses.<a href="#cite_note-Chlorothiazide_p.222-84">[80]</a> In 2003, mercury compounds were found in some <a href="Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a>, including topical <a href="Antiseptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiseptics">antiseptics</a>, stimulant laxatives, <a href="Diaper_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper rash">diaper-rash</a> <a href="Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ointment">ointment</a>, <a href="Eye_drops" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye drops">eye drops</a>, and <a href="Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">nasal sprays</a>. The <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> has "inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness" of the mercury ingredients in these products.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_chlorine_and_caustic_soda">Production of chlorine and caustic soda</h3></div>

<a href="Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> is produced from <a href="Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (common salt, NaCl) using <a href="Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> to separate metallic <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> from chlorine gas. Usually salt is dissolved in water to produce a brine. By-products of any such <a href="Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a> are hydrogen (H2) and <a href="Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> (NaOH), which is commonly called caustic soda or <a href="Lye" title="Lye">lye</a>. By far the largest use of mercury<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-USEPA-87">[83]</a> in the late 20th century was in the mercury cell process (also called the <a href="Castner-Kellner_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Castner-Kellner process">Castner-Kellner process</a>) where metallic sodium is formed as an <a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> at a <a href="Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> made from mercury; this sodium is then reacted with water to produce sodium hydroxide.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Many of the industrial mercury releases of the 20th century came from this process, although modern plants claim to be safe in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-USEPA-87">[83]</a> From the 1960s onward, the majority of industrial plants moved away from mercury cell processes towards <a href="Sodium_hydroxide#Production" title="Sodium hydroxide">diaphragm cell technologies</a> to produce chlorine, though 11% of the chlorine made in the United States was still produced with the mercury cell method as of 2005.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_uses">Laboratory uses</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermometers">Thermometers</h4></div>

<a href="Mercury-in-glass_thermometer" title="Mercury-in-glass thermometer">Thermometers</a> containing mercury were invented in the early 18th century by <a href="Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a>, though earlier attempts at making temperature-measuring instruments filled with quicksilver had been described in the 1650s.<a href="#cite_note-middleton-90">[86]</a>: 23 Fahrenheit's mercury thermometer was based on an earlier design that used alcohol rather than mercury; the mercury thermometer was significantly more accurate than those using alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> From the early 21st century onwards, the use of mercury thermometers has been declining, and mercury-containing instruments have been banned in many jurisdictions following the 1998 <a href="Protocol_on_Heavy_Metals" title="Protocol on Heavy Metals">Protocol on Heavy Metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Modern alternatives to mercury thermometers include <a href="Resistance_thermometer" title="Resistance thermometer">resistance thermometers</a>, <a href="Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a>, and <a href="Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistor</a> sensors that output to a digital display.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mirrors">Mirrors</h4></div>

Some <a href="Meridian_circle#Structure" title="Meridian circle">transit telescopes</a> use a basin of mercury to form a flat and absolutely horizontal mirror, useful in determining an absolute vertical or perpendicular reference. Concave horizontal parabolic mirrors may be formed by rotating liquid mercury on a disk, the parabolic form of the liquid thus formed reflecting and focusing incident light. Such <a href="Liquid-mirror_telescope" title="Liquid-mirror telescope">liquid-mirror telescopes</a> are cheaper than conventional large mirror telescopes by up to a factor of 100, but the mirror cannot be tilted and always points straight up.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</h4></div>

Liquid mercury is part of a popular secondary reference <a href="Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> (called the <a href="Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">calomel electrode</a>) in <a href="Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> as an alternative to the <a href="Standard_hydrogen_electrode" title="Standard hydrogen electrode">standard hydrogen electrode</a>. The calomel electrode is used to work out the <a href="Electrode_potential" title="Electrode potential">electrode potential</a> of <a href="Half_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Half cell">half cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> The <a href="Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of mercury, −38.8344 °C, is a fixed point used as a temperature standard for the International Temperature Scale (<a href="ITS-90" class="mw-redirect" title="ITS-90">ITS-90</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polarography_and_crystallography">Polarography and crystallography</h4></div>

In <a href="Polarography" title="Polarography">polarography</a>, both the <a href="Dropping_mercury_electrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropping mercury electrode">dropping mercury electrode</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> and the <a href="Hanging_mercury_drop_electrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging mercury drop electrode">hanging mercury drop electrode</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> use elemental mercury. This use allows a new uncontaminated electrode to be available for each measurement or each new experiment.

Mercury-containing compounds are also of use in the field of <a href="Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">structural biology</a>. Mercuric compounds such as <a href="Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">mercury(II) chloride</a> or <a href="Potassium_tetraiodomercurate(II)" title="Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II)">potassium tetraiodomercurate(II)</a> can be added to <a href="Protein_crystallization" title="Protein crystallization">protein crystals</a> in an effort to create heavy atom derivatives that can be used to solve the <a href="Phase_problem" title="Phase problem">phase problem</a> in <a href="X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> via <a href="Isomorphous_replacement" title="Isomorphous replacement">isomorphous replacement</a> or <a href="Anomalous_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalous scattering">anomalous scattering</a> methods.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_uses">Niche uses</h3></div>

Gaseous mercury is used in <a href="Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">mercury-vapor lamps</a>, <a href="Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>, and some <a href="Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">neon signs</a>. Those low-pressure lamps emit very spectrally narrow lines, which are traditionally used in <a href="Optical_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical spectroscopy">optical spectroscopy</a> for calibration of spectral position. Commercial calibration lamps are sold for this purpose; reflecting a fluorescent ceiling light into a spectrometer is a common calibration practice.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Gaseous mercury is also found in some <a href="Gas_filled_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas filled tube">electron tubes</a>, including <a href="Ignitron" title="Ignitron">ignitrons</a>, <a href="Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratrons</a>, and <a href="Mercury_arc_rectifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury arc rectifier">mercury arc rectifiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> It is also used in specialist medical care lamps for skin tanning and disinfection.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Gaseous mercury is added to <a href="Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> <a href="Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>-filled lamps to increase the <a href="Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> and <a href="Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>. An argon-filled lamp without mercury will have dull spots and will fail to light correctly. Lighting containing mercury can be <a href="Neon_sign#Bombardment" title="Neon sign">bombarded</a>/oven pumped only once. When added to <a href="Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> filled tubes, inconsistent red and blue spots are produced in the light emissions until the initial burning-in process is completed; eventually it will light a consistent dull off-blue color.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a>

<div class="gallerytext">The deep violet glow of a mercury vapor discharge in a <a href="Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">germicidal lamp</a>, whose spectrum is rich in invisible ultraviolet radiation.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Skin tanner containing a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp and two infrared lamps, which act both as light source and <a href="Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">electrical ballast</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Assorted types of fluorescent lamps.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The miniaturized <a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a> is a linear ion-trap-based mercury ion clock, designed for precise and real-time radio navigation in deep space.</div>

</li>

</ul>

The <a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a> (DSAC) under development by the <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> utilises mercury in a linear ion-trap-based clock. The novel use of mercury permits the creation of compact atomic clocks with low energy requirements ideal for space probes and Mars missions.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skin_whitening">Skin whitening</h4></div>

Mercury is effective as an active ingredient in <a href="Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">skin whitening</a> compounds used to depigment skin.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> The <a href="Minamata_Convention_on_Mercury" title="Minamata Convention on Mercury">Minamata Convention on Mercury</a> limits the concentration of mercury in such whiteners to 1 part per million. However, as of 2022, many commercially sold whitener products continue to exceed that limit, and are considered toxic.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firearms">Firearms</h3></div>

<a href="Mercury(II)_fulminate" title="Mercury(II) fulminate">Mercury(II) fulminate</a> is a <a href="Primary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary explosive">primary explosive</a>, which has mainly been used as a <a href="Primer_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primer (firearm)">primer</a> of a <a href="Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridge</a> in firearms throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-wisniak-109">[105]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div>

Mercury is used in illegal gold mining to help separate gold particles from a mixture of sand or gravel and water.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-110">[106]</a> Small gold particles may form mercury-gold amalgam and therefore increase the gold recovery rates.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[13]</a> The use of mercury causes a severe pollution problem in places such as <a href="Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-110">[106]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_uses">Historic uses</h3></div>

Many historic applications made use of the peculiar physical properties of mercury, especially as a dense liquid and a liquid metal:

<ul><li>Quantities of liquid mercury ranging from 90 to 600 grams (3.2 to 21.2 oz) have been recovered from elite <a href="Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> tombs (100–700 AD)<a href="#cite_note-Yuhas-42">[38]</a> or ritual caches at six sites. This mercury may have been used in bowls as <a href="Mirrors_in_Mesoamerican_culture" title="Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture">mirrors</a> for <a href="Divination" title="Divination">divinatory</a> purposes. Five of these date to the Classic Period of Maya civilization (c. 250–900) but one example predated this.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a></li>

<li>In <a href="Islamic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Spain">Islamic Spain</a>, it was used for filling decorative pools. Later, the American artist <a href="Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a> built a <a href="Mercury_fountain" title="Mercury fountain">mercury fountain</a> for the Spanish Pavilion at the <a href="Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937)">1937 World Exhibition in Paris</a>. The fountain is now on display at the <a href="Fundaci%C3%B3_Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Fundació Joan Miró">Fundació Joan Miró</a> in <a href="Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lenses</a> of old <a href="Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">lighthouses</a> used to float and rotate in a bath of mercury which acted like a bearing.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a></li>

<li>Mercury <a href="Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">sphygmomanometers</a>, <a href="Barometer" title="Barometer">barometers</a>, <a href="Diffusion_pump" title="Diffusion pump">diffusion pumps</a>, <a href="Mercury_coulometer" title="Mercury coulometer">coulometers</a>, and many other laboratory instruments took advantage of mercury's properties as a very dense, opaque liquid with a nearly linear thermal expansion.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></li>

<li>As an electrically conductive liquid, it was used in <a href="Mercury_switch" title="Mercury switch">mercury switches</a> (including <a href="Light_switch#Mercury_switch" title="Light switch">home mercury light switches</a> installed prior to 1970), tilt switches used in old fire detectors and in some home thermostats.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a></li>

<li>Owing to its acoustic properties, mercury was used as the propagation medium in <a href="Delay-line_memory#Mercury_delay_lines" title="Delay-line memory">delay-line memory</a> devices used in early digital computers of the mid-20th century, such as the <a href="SEAC_(computer)" title="SEAC (computer)">SEAC computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></li>

<li>In 1911, <a href="Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> discovered <a href="Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a> through the cooling of mercury below 4 kelvin shortly after the discovery and production of <a href="Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> Its superconductive properties were later determined to be unusual compared to other later-discovered superconductors, such as the more popular <a href="Niobium_alloy" title="Niobium alloy">niobium alloys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a></li>

<li>Experimental <a href="Mercury_vapor_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury vapor turbine">mercury vapor turbines</a> were installed to increase the efficiency of fossil-fuel electrical power plants.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The South Meadow power plant in Hartford, CT employed mercury as its <a href="Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a>, in a <a href="Binary_cycle_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary cycle power plant">binary</a> configuration with a secondary water circuit, for a number of years starting in the late 1920s in a drive to improve plant efficiency. Several other plants were built, including the Schiller Station in Portsmouth, NH, which went online in 1950. The idea did not catch on industry-wide due to the weight and toxicity of mercury, as well as the advent of <a href="Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical</a> steam plants in later years.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a></li>

<li>Similarly, liquid mercury was used as a <a href="Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> for some <a href="Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>; however, <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> is proposed for reactors cooled with liquid metal, because the high density of mercury requires much more energy to circulate as coolant.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a></li>

<li>Mercury was a propellant for early <a href="Ion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion engines">ion engines</a> in <a href="Electrically_powered_spacecraft_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion">electric space propulsion</a> systems. Advantages were mercury's high molecular weight, low ionization energy, low dual-ionization energy, high liquid density and liquid storability at <a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>. Disadvantages were concerns regarding environmental impact associated with ground testing and concerns about eventual cooling and condensation of some of the propellant on the spacecraft in long-duration operations. The first spaceflight to use electric propulsion was a mercury-fueled ion thruster developed at <a href="NASA_Glenn_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Glenn Research Center">NASA Glenn Research Center</a> and flown on the Space Electric Rocket Test "<a href="SERT-1" title="SERT-1">SERT-1</a>" spacecraft launched by <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> at its <a href="Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> in 1964. The SERT-1 flight was followed up by the SERT-2 flight in 1970. Mercury and <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> were preferred propellants for ion engines until <a href="Hughes_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Research Laboratory">Hughes Research Laboratory</a> performed studies finding <a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> gas to be a suitable replacement. Xenon is now the preferred propellant for ion engines, as it has a high molecular weight, little or no reactivity due to its <a href="Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> nature, and high liquid density under mild cryogenic storage.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></li></ul>

Other applications made use of the chemical properties of mercury:

<ul><li>The <a href="Mercury_battery" title="Mercury battery">mercury battery</a> is a non-rechargeable <a href="Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">electrochemical battery</a>, a <a href="Primary_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary cell">primary cell</a>, that was common in the middle of the 20th century. It was used in a wide variety of applications and was available in various sizes, particularly button sizes. Its constant voltage output and long shelf life gave it a niche use for camera light meters and hearing aids. The mercury cell was effectively banned in most countries in the 1990s due to concerns about the mercury contaminating landfills.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a></li>

<li>Mercury was used for preserving wood, developing <a href="Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotypes</a>, <a href="Mercury_silvering" title="Mercury silvering">silvering mirrors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <a href="Anti-fouling_paint" title="Anti-fouling paint">anti-fouling paints</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> <a href="Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> interior latex paint, handheld maze games, cleaning, and road leveling devices in cars. Mercury compounds have been used in <a href="Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a>, laxatives, <a href="Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, and in <a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">antisyphilitics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lincoln-78">[74]</a> Mercury has been replaced with safer compounds in most, if not all, of these applications.</li>

<li>It was allegedly used by <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied spies</a> to sabotage Luftwaffe planes: a mercury paste was applied to bare <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, causing the metal to rapidly <a href="Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrode</a>; this would cause structural failures.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-130">[126]</a></li>

<li>Mercury was once used as a gun barrel bore cleaner.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a></li>

<li>From the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, a process called "<a href="Carroting" class="mw-redirect" title="Carroting">carroting</a>" was used in the making of <a href="Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> hats. Animal skins were rinsed in an orange solution (the term "carroting" arose from this color) of the mercury compound <a href="Mercuric_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric nitrate">mercuric nitrate</a>, Hg(NO3)2.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> This process separated the fur from the pelt and matted it together. This solution and the vapors it produced were highly toxic. The <a href="United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">United States Public Health Service</a> banned the use of mercury in the felt industry in December 1941. The psychological symptoms associated with mercury poisoning inspired the phrase "<a href="Mad_as_a_hatter" title="Mad as a hatter">mad as a hatter</a>".<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <a href="Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s "<a href="Mad_Hatter" title="Mad Hatter">Mad Hatter</a>" in his book <a href="Alice's_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> was a play on words based on the older phrase, but the character himself does not exhibit symptoms of mercury poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></li>

<li>Historically, mercury was used extensively in <a href="Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulic gold mining</a> (see <a href="#Mining">#Mining</a>. Large-scale use of mercury stopped in the 1960s. However, mercury is still used in small scale, often clandestine, gold prospecting. It is estimated that 45,000 metric tons of mercury used in California for <a href="Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer mining</a> have not been recovered.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Mercury was also used in silver mining to extract the metal from ore through the <a href="Patio_process" title="Patio process">patio process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity_and_safety">Toxicity and safety</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a> and <a href="Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">Mercury cycle</a></div>

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<caption>Mercury

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div>

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<td>Danger

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div>

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<td><a href="NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond)

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Due to its physical properties and relative chemical inertness, liquid mercury is absorbed very poorly through intact skin and the gastrointestinal tract.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-139">[135]</a> Mercury vapor is the primary hazard of elemental mercury. As a result, containers of mercury are securely sealed to avoid spills and evaporation. Heating of mercury, or of compounds of mercury that may decompose when heated, should be carried out with adequate ventilation in order to minimize exposure to mercury vapor. The most toxic forms of mercury are its <a href="Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a>, such as <a href="Dimethylmercury" title="Dimethylmercury">dimethylmercury</a> and <a href="Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>. Mercury can cause both chronic and acute poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-acutepoisoning-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-chronicpoisoning-141">[137]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Releases_in_the_environment">Releases in the environment</h3></div>

Preindustrial deposition rates of mercury from the atmosphere may be about 4 ng per 1 L of ice deposited. Volcanic eruptions and related natural sources are responsible for approximately half of atmospheric mercury emissions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a>

Atmospheric mercury contamination in outdoor urban air at the start of the 21st century was measured at 0.01–0.02 μg/m3. A 2001 study measured mercury levels in 12 indoor sites chosen to represent a cross-section of building types, locations and ages in the New York area. This study found mercury concentrations significantly elevated over outdoor concentrations, at a range of 0.0065 – 0.523 μg/m3. The average was 0.069 μg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a>

Half of mercury emissions are attributed to mankind. The sources can be divided into the following estimated percentages:<a href="#cite_note-Pacyna-144">[140]</a>

<ul><li>65% from stationary combustion, of which <a href="Coal-fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-fired power plant">coal-fired power plants</a> are the largest aggregate source (40% of U.S. mercury emissions in 1999). This includes power plants fueled with gas where the mercury has not been removed. Emissions from coal combustion are between one and two orders of magnitude higher than emissions from oil combustion, depending on the country.<a href="#cite_note-Pacyna-144">[140]</a></li>

<li>11% from gold production. The three largest point sources for mercury emissions in the U.S. are the three largest gold mines. Hydrogeochemical release of mercury from gold-mine tailings has been accounted as a significant source of atmospheric mercury in eastern Canada.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></li>

<li>6.8% from <a href="Non-ferrous_metal" title="Non-ferrous metal">non-ferrous metal</a> production, typically <a href="Smelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelter">smelters</a>.</li>

<li>6.4% from <a href="Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> production.</li>

<li>3.0% from <a href="Waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste disposal">waste disposal</a>, including <a href="Municipal_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal waste">municipal</a> and <a href="Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>, <a href="Crematoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crematoria">crematoria</a>, and <a href="Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> incineration.</li>

<li>3.0% from <a href="Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a> production.</li>

<li>1.4% from <a href="Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> and <a href="Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production.</li>

<li>1.1% from mercury production, mainly for batteries.</li>

<li>2.0% from other sources.</li></ul>

The above percentages are estimates of the global human-caused mercury emissions in 2000, excluding biomass burning, an important source in some regions.<a href="#cite_note-Pacyna-144">[140]</a>

A serious <a href="Industrial_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial disasters">industrial disaster</a> was the dumping of waste mercury compounds into <a href="Minamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamata">Minamata</a> Bay, Japan, between 1932 and 1968. It is estimated that over 3,000 people suffered various deformities, severe mercury poisoning symptoms or death from what became known as <a href="Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-147">[143]</a>

China is estimated to produce 50% of mercury emissions, most of which result from production of <a href="Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pagliaro_2016-148">[144]</a>

Mercury also enters into the environment through the improper disposal of mercury-containing products.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> Due to health concerns, <a href="Waste_management" title="Waste management">toxics use reduction</a> efforts are cutting back or eliminating mercury in such products. For example, the amount of mercury sold in thermostats in the United States decreased from 14.5 tons in 2004 to 3.9 tons in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a>

The <a href="Tobacco_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco plant">tobacco plant</a> readily absorbs and accumulates <a href="Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> such as mercury from the surrounding soil into its leaves. These are subsequently inhaled during <a href="Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> While mercury is a constituent of <a href="Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> studies have largely failed to discover a significant correlation between smoking and mercury uptake by humans compared to sources such as occupational exposure, fish consumption, and <a href="Amalgam_tooth_fillings" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgam tooth fillings">amalgam tooth fillings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a>

A less well-known source of mercury is the burning of <a href="Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">joss paper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> which is a common tradition practiced in Asia, including China,<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Vietnam, Hong Kong, Thailand, Taiwan and Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spill_cleanup">Spill cleanup</h4></div>

Mercury spills pose an immediate threat to people handling the material, in addition to being an environmental hazard if the material is not contained properly. This is of particular concern for visible mercury, or mercury in liquid state, as its unusual appearance and behavior for a metal makes it an <a href="Attractive_nuisance_doctrine" title="Attractive nuisance doctrine">attractive nuisance</a> to the uninformed.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Procedures have been developed to contain mercury spills, as well as recommendations on appropriate responses based on the conditions of a spill.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Tracking liquid mercury away from the site of a spill is a major concern in liquid mercury spills; regulations emphasize containment of the visible mercury as the first course of action, followed by monitoring of mercury vapors and vapor cleanup. Several products are sold as mercury spill <a href="Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbents</a>, ranging from metal salts to polymers and <a href="Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sediment_contamination">Sediment contamination</h3></div>

Sediments within large urban-industrial <a href="Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a> act as an important sink for <a href="Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">point source</a> and diffuse mercury pollution within <a href="Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VaneBeriro2015-161">[157]</a> A 2015 study of foreshore sediments from the <a href="Thames_estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames estuary">Thames estuary</a> measured total mercury at 0.01 to 12.07 mg/kg with mean of 2.10 mg/kg and median of 0.85 mg/kg (n = 351).<a href="#cite_note-VaneBeriro2015-161">[157]</a> The highest mercury concentrations were shown to occur in and around the city of <a href="London" title="London">London</a> in association with fine grain muds and high total organic carbon content.<a href="#cite_note-VaneBeriro2015-161">[157]</a> The strong affinity of mercury for carbon rich sediments has also been observed in salt marsh sediments of the <a href="River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a>, with a mean concentration of 2 mg/kg, up to 5 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-VaneJones2009-162">[158]</a> These concentrations are far higher than those in the salt marsh river creek sediments of New Jersey and <a href="Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> of Southern China, which exhibit low mercury concentrations of about 0.2 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-VaneHarrison2008-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-VaneHarrison2009-164">[160]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_exposure">Occupational exposure</h3></div>

Due to the health effects of mercury exposure, industrial and commercial uses are regulated in many countries. The <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <a href="Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a>, and <a href="National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> all treat mercury as an occupational hazard; both OSHA and NIOSH, among other regulatory agencies, have established specific occupational exposure limits on the element and its derivative compounds in liquid and vapor form.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Environmental releases and disposal of mercury are regulated in the U.S. primarily by the <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></div>

<a href="Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> and <a href="Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> have a natural tendency to concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of <a href="Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>, a highly toxic organic compound of mercury. Species of fish that are high on the <a href="Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, such as <a href="Shark" title="Shark">shark</a>, <a href="Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a>, <a href="Bluefin_tuna" title="Bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a>, <a href="Albacore_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Albacore tuna">albacore tuna</a>, and <a href="Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a> contain higher concentrations of mercury than others. Because mercury and methylmercury are fat soluble, they primarily accumulate in the <a href="Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">viscera</a>, although they are also found throughout the muscle tissue.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Mercury presence in fish muscles can be studied using non-lethal muscle <a href="Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Mercury present in prey fish accumulates in the predator that consumes them. Since fish are less efficient at depurating than accumulating methylmercury, methylmercury concentrations in the fish tissue increase over time. Thus species that are high on the <a href="Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> amass body burdens of mercury that can be ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called <a href="Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>. <a href="Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a> happened this way in <a href="Minamata%2C_Kumamoto" title="Minamata, Kumamoto">Minamata</a>, Japan, now called <a href="Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-147">[143]</a>

In the Lower Amazon, mercury contamination in fish is driven by anthropogenic activities such as gold mining and deforestation, which release mercury into aquatic ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> Studies report mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissue ranging from 0.01 to 0.67 μg/g, with carnivorous species like Plagioscion squamosissimus showing higher levels due to biomagnification, sometimes exceeding the World Health Organization's safety threshold of 0.5 μg/g.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[166]</a> Local communities relying on fish as a dietary staple face potential health risks from mercury exposure. Mercury levels in aquatic species, including fish and shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum), indicate broader environmental contamination, particularly near mining areas.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</h3></div>

Some facial creams contain dangerous levels of mercury. Most contain comparatively non-toxic inorganic mercury, but products containing highly toxic organic mercury have been encountered.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> residents have been found to be exposed to significant levels of inorganic mercury compounds through the use of skin care products.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_and_symptoms_of_mercury_poisoning">Effects and symptoms of mercury poisoning</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></div>

Toxic effects include damage to the brain, kidneys and lungs. Mercury poisoning can result in several diseases, including <a href="Acrodynia" title="Acrodynia">acrodynia</a> (pink disease), Hunter-Russell syndrome, and <a href="Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>. Symptoms typically include sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech), disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination. The type and degree of symptoms exhibited depend upon the individual toxin, the dose, and the method and duration of exposure. <a href="Case%E2%80%93control_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Case–control studies">Case–control studies</a> have shown effects such as tremors, impaired <a href="Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> skills, and sleep disturbance in workers with chronic exposure to mercury vapor even at low concentrations in the range 0.7–42 μg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-ngim-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-liang-177">[173]</a>

A study has shown that acute exposure (4–8 hours) to calculated elemental mercury levels of 1.1 to 44 mg/m3 resulted in chest pain, <a href="Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, cough, <a href="Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">hemoptysis</a>, impairment of pulmonary function, and evidence of interstitial <a href="Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-acutepoisoning-140">[136]</a> Acute exposure to mercury vapor has been shown to result in profound central nervous system effects, including psychotic reactions characterized by delirium, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency. Occupational exposure has resulted in broad-ranging functional disturbance, including <a href="Erethism" title="Erethism">erethism</a>, irritability, excitability, excessive shyness, and insomnia. With continuing exposure, a fine tremor develops and may escalate to violent muscular spasms. Tremor initially involves the hands and later spreads to the eyelids, lips, and tongue. Long-term, low-level exposure has been associated with more subtle symptoms of erethism, including fatigue, irritability, loss of memory, vivid dreams and depression.<a href="#cite_note-chronicpoisoning-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3></div>

Research on the treatment of mercury poisoning is limited. Currently available drugs for acute mercurial poisoning include <a href="Chelator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelator">chelators</a> N-acetyl-D,L-<a href="Penicillamine" title="Penicillamine">penicillamine</a> (NAP), <a href="British_Anti-Lewisite" class="mw-redirect" title="British Anti-Lewisite">British Anti-Lewisite</a> (BAL), <a href="2%2C3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid">2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid</a> (DMPS), and <a href="Dimercaptosuccinic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimercaptosuccinic acid">dimercaptosuccinic acid</a> (DMSA). In one small study including 11 construction workers exposed to elemental mercury, patients were treated with DMSA and NAP.<a href="#cite_note-Bluhm-179">[175]</a> <a href="Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation therapy</a> with both drugs resulted in the mobilization of a small fraction of the total estimated body mercury. DMSA was able to increase the excretion of mercury to a greater extent than NAP.<a href="#cite_note-Bluhm-179">[175]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3></div>

140 countries agreed in the <a href="Minamata_Convention_on_Mercury" title="Minamata Convention on Mercury">Minamata Convention on Mercury</a> by the <a href="United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) to prevent mercury vapor emissions.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> The convention was signed on 10 October 2013.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

In the United States, the <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> is charged with regulating and managing mercury contamination. Several laws give the EPA this authority, including the <a href="Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>, the <a href="Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>, the <a href="Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a>, and the <a href="Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a>. Additionally, the <a href="Mercury-Containing_and_Rechargeable_Battery_Management_Act" title="Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act">Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act</a>, passed in 1996, phases out the use of mercury in batteries, and provides for the efficient and cost-effective disposal of many types of used batteries.<a href="#cite_note-epa_regs-182">[178]</a> North America contributed approximately 11% of the total global anthropogenic mercury emissions in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a>

The United States <a href="Clean_Air_Act_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act (1990)">Clean Air Act</a>, passed in 1990, put mercury on a list of toxic pollutants that need to be controlled to the greatest possible extent. Thus, industries that release high concentrations of mercury into the environment agreed to install maximum achievable control technologies (MACT). In March 2005, the EPA promulgated a regulation<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> that added power plants to the list of sources that should be controlled and instituted a national <a href="Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap and trade</a> system. States were given until November 2006 to impose stricter controls, but after a legal challenge from several states, the regulations were struck down by a federal appeals court on 8 February 2008. The rule was deemed not sufficient to protect the health of persons living near coal-fired power plants, given the negative effects documented in the EPA Study Report to Congress of 1998.<a href="#cite_note-nj_vs_epa-185">[181]</a> However newer data published in 2015 showed that after introduction of the stricter controls mercury declined sharply, indicating that the Clean Air Act had its intended impact.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a>

The EPA announced new rules for <a href="Coal-fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-fired power plant">coal-fired power plants</a> on 22 December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> <a href="Cement_kiln" title="Cement kiln">Cement kilns</a> that burn hazardous waste are held to a looser standard than are standard <a href="Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> <a href="Incinerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerator">incinerators</a> in the United States, and as a result are a disproportionate source of mercury pollution.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div>

In the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (see <a href="Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a>) bans mercury from certain electrical and electronic products, and limits the amount of mercury in other products to less than 1000 <a href="Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eu_regs-189">[185]</a> There are restrictions for mercury concentration in packaging (the limit is 100 ppm for sum of mercury, <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">hexavalent chromium</a> and <a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>) and batteries (the limit is 5 ppm).<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> In July 2007, the European Union also banned mercury in non-electrical measuring devices, such as <a href="Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometers</a> and <a href="Barometer" title="Barometer">barometers</a>. The ban applies to new devices only, and contains exemptions for the health care sector and a two-year grace period for manufacturers of barometers.<a href="#cite_note-eu_reuters-191">[187]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3></div>

<a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> enacted a total ban on the use of mercury in the manufacturing and import/export of mercury products, effective 1 January 2008.<a href="#cite_note-norway-192">[188]</a> In 2002, several lakes in Norway were found to have a poor state of mercury pollution, with an excess of 1 μg/g of mercury in their sediment.<a href="#cite_note-environment_norway-193">[189]</a> In 2008, Norway's Minister of Environment Development <a href="Erik_Solheim" title="Erik Solheim">Erik Solheim</a> said: "Mercury is among the most dangerous environmental toxins. Satisfactory alternatives to Hg in products are available, and it is therefore fitting to induce a ban."<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Products containing mercury were banned in Sweden in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> while elemental mercury has been banned from manufacture and use in all but a few applications (such as certain energy-saving light sources and amalgam dental fillings) in Denmark since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a>

<ul><li><a href="COLEX_process" title="COLEX process">COLEX process</a> (isotopic separation)</li>

<li><a href="Mercury_pollution_in_the_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury pollution in the ocean">Mercury pollution in the ocean</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Theoretical calculations indicate that <a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a>, which lies directly beneath mercury on the periodic table, is likely a liquid at standard pressure and temperature.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> A room can easily reach 29 °C (84 °F) to melt caesium, and 30 °C (86 °F) to melt gallium.

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> 674.11 °F; 629.88 °K

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> For a general overview, see <cite id="CITEREFRiedelKaupp2009" class="citation journal cs1">Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M. (2009). "The Highest Oxidation States of the Transition Metal Elements". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 253 (5–6): 606–624. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccr.2008.07.014">10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014</a>.</cite>

The claimed 1976 synthesis is <cite id="CITEREFDemingAllredDahlHerlinger1976" class="citation journal cs1">Deming, Richard L.; Allred, A. L.; Dahl, Alan R.; Herlinger, Albert W.; Kestner, Mark O. (July 1976). "Tripositive mercury. Low temperature electrochemical oxidation of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanemercury(II) tetrafluoroborate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 98 (14): 4132–4137. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JAChS..98.4132D">1976JAChS..98.4132D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00430a020">10.1021/ja00430a020</a>;</cite> but note that Reidel & Kaupp cite more recent work arguing that the <a href="Cyclam" title="Cyclam">cyclam</a> ligand is instead oxidized.

The claimed 2007 isolation is <cite id="CITEREFXuefang_WangAndrewsRiedelKaupp2007" class="citation journal cs1">Xuefang Wang; Andrews, Lester; Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACIE...46.8371W">2007ACIE...46.8371W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200703710">10.1002/anie.200703710</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17899620">17899620</a>,</cite> but the spectral identifications are disputed in <cite id="CITEREFRoomsWilsonHarveyBridgeman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rooms, J. F.; Wilson, A. V.; Harvey, I.; Bridgeman, A. J.; Young, N. A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/399994">"Mercury-fluorine interactions: a matrix isolation investigation of Hg⋯F2, HgF2 and HgF4 in argon matrices"</a>. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 10 (31): 4594–605. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PCCP...10.4594R">2008PCCP...10.4594R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb805608k">10.1039/b805608k</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18665309">18665309</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-nj_vs_epa-185"><a href="#cite_ref-nj_vs_epa_185-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200802/05-1097a.pdf">"State of New Jersey et al., Petitioners vs. Environmental Protection Agency (Case No. 05-1097)"</a> (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Argued 6 December 2007, Decided 8 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203021258/http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200802/05-1097a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCastroSherwell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Castro MS, Sherwell J (2015). "Effectiveness of Emission Controls to Reduce the Atmospheric Concentrations of Mercury". <a href="Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a>. 49 (24): 14000–14007. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...4914000C">2015EnST...4914000C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b03576">10.1021/acs.est.5b03576</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26606506">26606506</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2011/12/22/oldest-dirtiest-power-plants-told-clean/mORfVS1jUOOlXuTPIRQKbL/story.html">"Oldest, dirtiest power plants told to clean up"</a>. Boston Globe. 22 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151501/http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2011/12/22/oldest-dirtiest-power-plants-told-clean/mORfVS1jUOOlXuTPIRQKbL/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHoward_Berkes2011" class="citation news cs1">Howard Berkes (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/11/10/142183546/epa-regulations-give-kilns-permission-to-pollute">"EPA Regulations Give Kilns Permission To Pollute"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117112612/http://www.npr.org/2011/11/10/142183546/epa-regulations-give-kilns-permission-to-pollute">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-eu_regs-189"><a href="#cite_ref-eu_regs_189-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:037:0019:0023:EN:PDF">"Directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment"</a>. 27 January 2003.</cite> Article 4 Paragraph 1. e.g. "Member States shall ensure that, from July 1, 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market does not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)."

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<li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428065154/http://www.eiatrack.org/s/1785">"Mercury compounds in European Union"</a>. EIA Track. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiatrack.org/s/1785">the original</a> on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-eu_reuters-191"><a href="#cite_ref-eu_reuters_191-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJones_H.2007" class="citation news cs1">Jones H. (10 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL0988544920070710">"EU bans mercury in barometers, thermometers"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103193545/http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL0988544920070710">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-norway-192"><a href="#cite_ref-norway_192-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173517/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198237627.85">"Norway to ban mercury"</a>. EU Business. 21 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198237627.85">the original</a> on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-environment_norway-193"><a href="#cite_ref-environment_norway_193-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBerg,_TFjeld,_ESteinnes,_E2006" class="citation journal cs1">Berg, T; Fjeld, E; Steinnes, E (2006). "Atmospheric mercury in Norway: contributions from different sources". The Science of the Total Environment. 368 (1): 3–9. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ScTEn.368....3B">2006ScTEn.368....3B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2005.09.059">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.059</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16310836">16310836</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEdlichRhoadsCantrellAzavedo" class="citation report cs1">Edlich, Richard F; Rhoads, Samantha K.; Cantrell, Holly S.; Azavedo, Sabrina M.; Newkirk, Anthony T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101215237/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/medicaldevices/medicaldevicesadvisorycommittee/dentalproductspanel/ucm236379.pdf">Banning Mercury Amalgam in the United States</a> (PDF) (Report). USA: <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/medicaldevices/medicaldevicesadvisorycommittee/dentalproductspanel/ucm236379.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 November 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/20090114/16892">"Sweden to ban mercury"</a>. <a href="The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. 14 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828040807/http://www.thelocal.se/20090114/16892">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/20120421/40396">"Sweden may be forced to lift ban on mercury"</a>. <a href="The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. 21 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828101154/http://www.thelocal.se/20120421/40396">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2014/01/978-87-93026-98-8.pdf">"Survey of mercury and mercury compounds"</a> (PDF). Miljøstyrelsen. 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</cite>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Andrew Scott (15 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZK-AwAAQBAJ">Mercury and the Making of California: Mining, Landscape, and Race, 1840–1890</a>. TotalBoox, TBX. <a href="University_Press_of_Colorado" title="University Press of Colorado">University Press of Colorado</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4571-8399-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/969039240">969039240</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mercury" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:mercury">mercury</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Mercury_48kbps_tcm18-133983.mp3">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/080.htm">Mercury</a> at <a href="The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/mercury/">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Mercury Topic</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030120143306/http://www.epa.gov/ostwater/fishadvice/advice.html">EPA fish consumption guidelines</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/080/index.s7.html">Hg 80 Mercury</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0056.htm">Material Safety Data Sheet – Mercury ICSC 0056</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.oceana.org/en/our-work/mercury/overview">Stopping Pollution: Mercury</a> – Oceana</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/index.asp">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): Mercury Contamination in Fish guide</a> – <a href="Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">NRDC</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307173216/http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+7439-97-6">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Mercury</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9243000/9243902.stm">BBC – Earth News – Mercury "turns" wetland birds such as ibises homosexual</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41802">Changing Patterns in the Use, Recycling, and Material Substitution of Mercury in the United States</a> <a href="United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impmc.jussieu.fr/%7Eayrinhac/documents/Hg_data.pdf">Thermodynamical data on liquid mercury.</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mercury_(element)">"Mercury (element)" </a>. <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercury_compounds124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mercury_compounds124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mercury_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury compounds">Mercury compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercury(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mercury(I)_sulfide" title="Mercury(I) sulfide">Hg2S</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercury(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organomercury_compounds31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Organomercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomercury">Organomercury</a> compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="4-Chloromercuribenzoic_acid" title="4-Chloromercuribenzoic acid">HgClC6H4CO2H</a></li>

<li><a href="Meralluride" title="Meralluride">HgOHCH2CHOCH3CH2(NHCO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mersalyl" title="Mersalyl">HgOHCH2CHOCH3CH2NHCOC6H4OCH2CO2H</a></li>

<li><a href="Merbromin" title="Merbromin">Na2HgOHC6HOBrC6H2OBrOCHC6H4CO2</a></li>

<li><a href="Thiomersal" title="Thiomersal">NaHgC2H5SC6H4CO2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercury(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mercury(IV)_fluoride" title="Mercury(IV) fluoride">HgF4</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">Amalgams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mercury_polycations" title="Mercury polycations">Mercury cations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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